Tower 2 is an example of the type of tower used in the citadel to flank a straight face. Towers 3, 4, 6, and 9 are of this standard form, as in all probability were the predecessors of tower 11 and the vanished tower 13. All differ in details, but all conform to a single specification. They are composed of three stories, with a two-story parapet above; they are approximately twice as long as they are deep, and each of the three stories is barrel-vaulted. There is a latrine (C) on each floor, usually situated in the left inner angle of the tower looking to the field so it could drain the human waste into the moat. The latrine is tucked away where it would not weaken the structure against the assaults of an enemy. There is a basement entrance (B) in the center bay, the door of which is accessible from passage A and one additional entrance from the wall walk (K). The staircase (D) is tucked away as scrupulously as the latrines.
The first-floor room was used as a magazine when King effected his inspection in the early 1940s and was therefore not accessible. The second floor was used as a barrack. The roof reflects restorations to the original ʾAyyūbīd structures, the earliest of which (parapets F and G occupying the inner portion of each flank) were performed in the 15th century under the Mamlūks. Brattices H and J were probably restored at a later date.
D. J. Cathcart King. The Defences of the Citadel of Damascus; a Great Mohammedan Fortress of the Time of the Crusades. Archaeologia, Volume XCIV, 1951 (p 57-96).
Photo credit: Ernst Herzfeld 1914.













