Saturday, June 30, 2018
قوميّات سوريا الطائفيّة
Wednesday, June 27, 2018
The Dome of the Treasury
Just about the only vestige of ʿAbbasid rule in Damascus, Qubbat al-H̱aznā is thought to have been constructed in the second half of the 8th century CE under Governor al-Faḍl bin Ṣāliḥ bin ʿAlī during what was for Syria in general and Damascus in particular a desolate age. This is hardly surprising given a relentless campaign of extermination against everything ʾUmayyād that spared practically nothing except the Great Mosque.
The edicule known as the Treasury Dome is, therefore, most likely ʿAbbasīd, though several of its elements are clearly Classical, namely the eight granite half-columns topped by Corinthian crowns. A leaden cupola surmounted the structure supported by these columns.
The mosaics of the Great Mosque were covered with a layer of lime under the Ottomans (1), somewhere between 1664 and 1855. The motive for hiding the mosaics is unclear, but this act saved those priceless treasures for the pleasure and gratitude of future generations.
The 1893 great fire was the last in a long series of calamities the Great Mosque had endured since its erection. The ʾUmayyād's most celebrated landmark was subsequently raised from its ashes, and several of its walls, including the Treasury Dome, were restored and repainted—in the style of the 18th-century opulent Damascene houses—with horizontal bands of alternating colors of blue-black, white, and red-orange (2).
Eustache de Lorey, the first director of Damascus' French Institute, is credited with uncovering the mosaics in the late 1920s (3).
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1. As seen in the first photo taken prior to 1885 by Félix Bonfils (Fonds Max Van Berchem).
2. The date of the second photo is October 12, 1921 (Mission Frédéric Gadmer et Lucien Le Saint au Proche-Orient. Collection Albert Kahn).
3. The final photo was taken in 2010.
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Loreline Simonis. Les relevés des mosaïques de la grande mosquée de Damas. Paris, Louvre éditions /Somogy 2012.
قبّة الخزنة بين أواخر القرن التاسع عشر ومطلع القرن الحادي والعشرين
Loreline Simonis. Les relevés des mosaïques de la grande mosquée de Damas. Paris, Louvre éditions /Somogy 2012.
Monday, June 25, 2018
The Great Mosque of Damascus
Damascus' glorious ʾUmayyād Mosque is the latest and longest-lasting incarnation of the Roman temenos. According to Creswell, part of the latter sanctuary was transformed into the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in 379 CE, during the reign of Theodosius the Great. The exact location of the Christian edifice is unknown but was likely somewhere in the west part of the central courtyard.
Muslim sources inform us that the church was demolished by Caliph al-Walīd I, who is credited with constructing the ʾUmayyād Mosque within the inner enclosure of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Damascenus. The Caliph kept the external walls of the temenos, marked red in the attached plan, and rebuilt practically everything else from scratch. In the process, several architectural elements of the venerable temple were "recycled" into the new edifice, as could easily be verified by glancing at the Corinthian columns in the courtyard, prayer hall, and colonnades.
What is left today from al-Walīd's work is quite limited, namely the arcades forming the porticoes surrounding the central courtyard, the external gates, the transept, and the Minaret of the Bride. The rest were repeatedly destroyed throughout the ages and had to be reconstructed, seemingly following the original template. The calamities that befell the edifice are too numerous to be listed in a short post, though one can particularly identify as most destructive the 1069 fire towards the end of Fāṭimīd rule in central Syria, Tamerlane's vandalism in 1401, and the tragic 1893 fire. So thorough was the destruction in the last conflagration that quite a few observers thought that the mosque had vanished forever.
Loreline Simonis. Les relevés des mosaïques de la grande mosquée de Damas. Paris, Louvre éditions /Somogy 2012.
Tuesday, June 19, 2018
معلولا
Ross Burns. Monuments of Syria, an Historical Guide. New York University Press 1992.
Ivan Mannheim & Dave Winter. Jordan, Syria, & Lebanon Handbook. Footprint Handbooks 1998.
Ṣaydnāyā
Ṣaydnāyā is a small town located in the Qalamūn on the edge of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, 27 kilometers north of Damascus. The trip is well worth the trouble.
Situated at an altitude of 1415 meters above sea level with its monastery towering over the town from a height of 60 meters, Ṣaydnāyā deservedly earns the appellation of "citadel-village," coined in the 1930s by the French geographer Richard Thoumin.
The site, according to René Dussaud, is an ancient one. Its fame, however, dates from medieval times, when it emerged as an important center of Christianity well before it became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
The main attraction is the Greek Orthodox monastery of Our Lady of Ṣaydnāyā, purportedly founded by Justinian in the sixth century CE. Pilgrims flocked to the convent, attracted by the miracles associated with the image of the Virgin believed by the faithful to be painted by Saint Luke. The shrine boasts other relics said to date from the 5th to the 7th centuries.
Virtually all Christians and quite a few Muslims revere the venerable monastery that has attracted the pious and the profane from time immemorial. Even at the height of the Crusades and despite intermittent warfare opposing Frank and Muslim, pilgrims were able to reach Ṣaydnāyā and pay their respects.
René Dussaud. Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale. Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1927.
Richard Thoumin. Géographie humaine de la Syrie Centrale. Tours, Arnault et Cie Maîtres Imprimeurs 1936.
Ross Burns. Monuments of Syria, an Historical Guide. New York University Press 1992.
Ivan Mannheim & Dave Winter. Jordan, Syria, & Lebanon Handbook. Footprint Handbooks 1998.
Photo credit : Šāhīnīān, collection of H̱ālid Muʿāḏ.
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