Wednesday, January 31, 2018
تطوّر الهويّة اللبنانيّة
Tuesday, January 30, 2018
هويّة سوريّة أم هويّة لبنانيّة؟
Monday, January 29, 2018
لبنان في التاريخ
Sunday, January 28, 2018
The Crops of Damascus
Ġūṭat Dimašq had largely vanished by the beginning of the twenty-first century. The following description reflects the situation of the Damascus green belt in the 1940s.
Ġūṭat Dimašq may be divided into several zones from most to least fertile:
Zone I is located north between the city and Mount Qāsīūn; it is dominated by an intensive agriculture of vegetables in the shadow of fruit trees. So rich is the soil that some peasants manage to reap their crops three times a year. We have the summer vegetables (tomato, zucchini, cucumber, pea, okra, eggplant, pepper, and asparagus) and the winter vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, beet, leek, turnip, and carrot). The urban expansion has all but annihilated this zone since the publication of this work in 1946.
Zone II: the fruit trees (mostly apricot) persist, but cereals largely replace the vegetables. Poplar trees replace apricot on the humid banks of Baradā, and hemp grows in the maximally irrigated fields.
Zone III is less favored by irrigation than the preceding two, and subsequently olive replaces the fruit trees while cereals are still grown in between. Apricot trees are to be found exclusively around canals in this zone.
Lastly, the periphery—al-Marǧ—extends into the Syrian Steppe. Agriculture in this zone is limited to dry farming such as vines (٧ on the map) and cereals (<), which requires only sporadic irrigation.
Jacques Weulersse. Paysans de Syrie et du Proche-Orient. Gallimard 1946.
Saturday, January 27, 2018
Three Rivers and their Ġūṭā
Three "rivers"—"streams" would perhaps be a more appropriate appellation—contribute to watering Ġūṭat Dimašq, the population density of which is the highest in Syria: Mnīn in the north, al-ʾAʿwaǧ in the south, and Baradā in between, the last being by far the most important of them all.
Shortly before entering Damascus at ar-Rabwā gorge, Baradā gives rise to its first "fan" of canalization: the Yazīd and Tōrā on the left bank and the Mazzāwī, Dārānī, Qanawāt, and Banīās on the right.
Just after it exits the city, Baradā emanates its second "fan": the ʿAqrabānī Canal (a continuation of Banīās that runs north of the Citadel adjacent to the ancient city's wall heading east), the Mulayḥī's, and the Dāʿīānī's. Those three canals subsequently divide into the third "fan," an innumerable network of brooks, each one of which is named after the village that constitutes its final destination. The "Zōr" is the basin of Baradā itself; it is the lowest and most fertile part of the oasis. Qanawāt and Banīās provide the city with water. The rest (Yazīd, Tōrā, Mazzāwī, and Dārānī) irrigate the surrounding lush gardens.
This distribution is minutely arranged using the "qīrāṭ," a ubiquitous system in the Near East that divides proportionally, a qīrāṭ being 1/24 of the whole. The reason is quite simple: the amount of water available varies widely from one season to the next, making the allocation of a fixed amount of water an impossible feat. The man in charge of supervising the canals, maintaining them, and opening and closing the distributors is called "šāwī," a profession—like many others—passed from father to son.
Concerning this elaborate irrigation system, no maps or historical documents of any worth existed prior to the era of the French Mandate. All available info was oral and handed from one generation of "šāwī" to the next.
Jacques Weulersse. Paysans de Syrie et du Proche-Orient. Gallimard 1946.
Richard Lodoïs Thoumin. Géographie humaine de la Syrie centrale. Librairie Ernest Leroux, Paris 1936.
Friday, January 26, 2018
Ġūṭat Dimašq
Widely known as al-Ġūṭā, the Damascus Oasis, right until the middle of the twentieth century, had occupied an area of at least 8,000 hectares extending more than 25 kilometers in its greatest length parallel to the mountain ridge that still dominates its vestiges.
Ġūṭat Dimašq had from time immemorial been the richest agricultural land in Syria, if not in western Asia, according to the opinion of the French geographer Richard Thoumin. Several factors have combined over the last 70 years or so to destroy this earthly paradise; most importantly, an exponential population growth with a near-total absence of sound planning.
The damage to our biosphere is a worldwide phenomenon, caused by demographic growth along with a rise in individual and collective consumption. The average Syrian at the turn of the 21st century consumes much more than his ancestors had done a hundred years prior. Naturally, consumption level in the Third World, Syria included, is nowhere near that of Europe and North America, but the latter are far better endowed with natural and industrial resources. Europe, moreover, has succeeded in controlling population growth, and so have China and Japan.
The attached map is a sketch of Damascus' water resources, the most important of which is Baradā. This Abana of the Old Testament, or Chrysorrhoas, according to the Greeks, issues from the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, passes the Zabadānī plain, receives a bountiful boost from the waters of al-Fīǧā heading east, and enters Damascus at ar-Rabwā gorge.
Two more "rivers" contribute to a lesser extent in the irrigation of Damascus' gardens: Mnīn from the north waters the east Ġūṭā, and al-ʾAʿwaǧ in the south. The latter springs from the foot of Mount Hermon (the highest peak of the Anti-Lebanon), heads east, and sends a branch to the town of Dārayyā, southwest of Damascus. Dārayyā also gets part of its water from the Dārānī Canal, a branch of Baradā.
Jacques Weulersse. Paysans de Syrie et du Proche-Orient. Gallimard 1946.

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