Tuesday, February 9, 2016
الليدي إيزابيل برتون في دمشق
Sunday, February 7, 2016
Richard Burton
Captain Richard Burton (1821-1890) was a British diplomat, an orientalist, and a linguist. He occupied, among others, the position of Great Britain's consul in Damascus from 1869 to 1871. The Ottoman Empire and Great Britain enjoyed cordial relations throughout most of the 19th century. The British assisted the Ottomans during Napoleon's Egyptian campaign from 1798 to 1801 and helped them evict Ibrāhīm Pāšā and the Egyptian army from Syria in 1841. The second half of the 19th century witnessed renewed British-Ottoman collaboration against Russia's incursions. The Turks used to affectionately call the British ambassador in Constantinople "the Great Elchi."
Burton mastered several languages. He wrote and translated several books. He had enough acquaintance with the religion of Islam that many assumed he was a Muslim, which enabled him to enter the holy city of Mecca. His stay in Damascus was a busy and fruitful one despite political upheavals and sectarian tensions—the memory of the 1860 massacre was still fresh. He befriended quite a few Damascene notables and had a close relationship with Emir ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ǧazāʾirī. He also made several powerful enemies on account of his proverbial honesty and impartiality, or so at least was the opinion of his spouse, Lady Isabel Burton, who loved and respected him tremendously.
Captain Burton was recalled from Damascus by the British Government after a relatively short stay. The reasons—according to Ms. Burton—were threefold:
1. His intervention to protect poor debtors from prominent Jewish usurers who, though Damascene, were British protégés. Lady Burton would not identify them by name. She described them pejoratively as "Shylocks" as she asserted her endless love and respect for Jews in general. Be that as it may, those usurers appealed to leading Jews in Great Britain, namely Sir Moses Montefiore, Sir Francis Goldsmid, and the Rothschilds. It was inevitable that some would suspect the Burtons of harboring anti-Semitic tendencies.
2. Captain Burton's intervention in a dispute between the Jews of Nazareth and its Orthodox Christians. This time he sided with the Jews.
3. The perfidy of Damascus' Ottoman Governor, Muḥammad Rāšid Pāšā (1865-1871), who was to be deposed shortly after the recall of Captain Burton.
Isabel Burton. The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land, Volume 1.
Isabel Burton. The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land, Volume 2.
The Expansion of Damascus 1860-1923: the Northern Quarters
Unlike the Muhāǧirīn Quarter, which was divided into spacious and regular lots through central planning, the expansion of the urban tissue outside the wall of the Old City into the al-ʿAmārā al-Barrānīyyā took place in an individualistic, random, and gradual manner. Private investors were to guide this process that spanned several decades and converted numerous gardens into housing units. The dwellings were often centered around a cul-de-sac or dead-end and were relatively small and mostly irregular in shape, following the contour of the garden they replaced. The housing clusters correspond to "irrigation units," that is, gardens formerly grouped around creeks derived from the branches of the River Baradā. Those quarters were almost exclusively residential and therefore boasted no important governmental, economic, or religious institutions. To the east of this neighborhood are located the more important extensions dependent on Aleppo Street, where we find one church and two hospitals. Seen in the attached diagram is Baġdād Boulevard, constructed in 1925 under the French Mandate.
Jean-Luc Arnaud. Damas Urbanisme et Architecture 1860-1925. Sindbad 2006.
