Sunday, December 20, 2015
المزاودة أو مهاجمة الحكومة السورية من اليمين
Monday, September 28, 2015
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1784-1817
A Swiss traveller, orientalist, geographer, and linguist. After studying Arabic language at the University of Cambridge, he left to the Near East in 1809 to spend some time in Aleppo where he perfected his Arabic and studied Quran and Islamic Law. He subsequently disguised himself as s Muslim and adopted the name of Sheikh Ibrahim ibn Abdallah. He proceeded to travel throughout the Levant and Egypt all the way to Hijaz and Mecca. Like most Orientalists, he was mainly interested in pre-Islamic monuments: Pagan as well as Judeo-Christian (for example the supposed place where the Hebrews crossed the Red Sea, the Lord fed the Israelites "manna" etc). He was keenly interested in deserted villages and towns the location of which he described and the related monuments he measured with the utmost care, making full use of the simple tools at his disposal. He meticulously copied whatever inscriptions he was able to discern: Greek, Latin, Arabic that he jealously guarded in his journal. All this he had to do while taking care not to rouse the Arabs' suspicion. To the nomads his weird behavior was often interpreted as aiming at locating hidden treasures that he would steal later on or as sorcery and witchcraft. He managed nonetheless to describe erxtensive landscapes (mountains, valleys, rivers, torrents) , fauna, flora, He enumretated the Arab tribes of Syria nd its surroundings and desribed their habits. He had, however, very little to say about the large cities and main urban centers. He was a contemporary to the rising Egyptian power under Muhammad Ali Pasha and the early reign of Emir Bashir al-Shihabi of Mount Lebanon. He also was an eyewitness to the late expansion of the First Saudi-Wahabi State (1744-1818) shortly before its destruction at the hands of Ibrahim Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son and lieutenant. He died of dysentery at the young age of 32. His most important discovery was that of the City of Petra in Transjordan.
Wednesday, August 5, 2015
صناعة الأشرار. عن مصداقية السياسيين والصحافة الحرة في العالم الغربي المتمدن
Monday, July 13, 2015
الجمهورية العلمانية السورية
Saturday, July 11, 2015
Authoritarianism, Strongmen, and Dictators
Not everyone was happy about deposing Hosni Mubarak, certainly not US Vice President Joe Biden, who was ridiculed by many—myself included—when he opined that “Mubarak is not a dictator.” To be sure, the US had invested in and propped up the Egyptian president for three decades, and Mr. Biden's anxiety was shared by many policymakers regardless of their true opinion about the nature of Mr. Mubarak's administration.
But was Mr. Biden wrong after all? That Egypt was—and still is—not a democracy is a no-brainer, but does that necessarily mean that its ruler was a “dictator,” a most abhorrent appellation in today's climate of political correctness? Here we have to resort to the tried-and-true wealth of the English language, an infinitely valuable asset to clarify all ambiguity and dispel every doubt.
The year was 1986, well before digital technology had become ubiquitous. And I, full of curiosity, decided to tap into the Time Magazine archives, neatly bound and available from its first issue in 1923, free of charge to all visitors to Syracuse University's library in Upstate New York. How I wish Syria had comparable facilities with the resources to store its old literary heritage, but I digress...
Naturally, what interested me the most in that venerable publication was just about any mention of the Near East in general and Syria in particular. I was not to be frustrated, though, of course—and in retrospect, luckily for Syria—the Near East has not always been the focus of international media, and the articles that I had sought were therefore few and far between.
Back to the issue under consideration. The world according to the Time Magazine of the 1960s and prior was not as full of dictators as it now is, sadly and ominously the case; that infamous epithet was reserved for super-villains such as Hitler (never mind that he was named Time Magazine's “Man of the Year” in 1938), Mussolini, or Stalin (affectionately referred to by F.D. Roosevelt as “Uncle Joe,” but that's another story). The Arab world—as far as I could tell—had no dictators back then, not in today's traditional and acknowledged sense in any case.
But authoritarianism did exist, and there surely were despots all over the Arab world back then as now; they just were called differently. For you see, Colonel Adib Shishakly, who dominated Syrian politics in the early 1950s, was a “strongman,” as were Colonel Salah Jadid in the late 1960s and President Saddam Hussein right until August 1990. Needless to say, authoritarian rulers do not necessarily have to be divided into strongmen or dictators; we also have monarchs, all sorts of them: kings, sheikhs, sultans, shahs...but somehow most—if not all—of them are tacitly treated as legitimate and “constitutional.” The implications are obvious: it is despicable when a “dictator” passes his seat to his son; that would be blatant usurpation, but it is perfectly natural and acceptable for a “legitimate” monarch to pass his throne to his son and heir. If he happens in the process to disinherit his brother and—for decades—heir apparent while agonizing, so be it! This is exactly what King Hussein of Jordan did on his deathbed back in 1999, and no one batted an eye.
By now it should be axiomatic that “dictators” are bad. They are corrupt; they kill their own people; they harbor ominous designs on peaceful democracies and their equally peaceful monarchical neighbors, not to mention their support of international terrorism. But what about strongmen? Are they good or bad? Don't they have the same authority as the dictators? Had they not acquired the ultimate power through similar means? Well, not necessarily…
For strongmen fulfill an extremely important task, one that is essential for the nation's peace, prosperity, and even its very survival: they keep law and order. They also form—along with their royal brethren—part and parcel of the “international community” and identify their interests with those of the “civilized world.” They are also legitimate: they hold elections (in reality referendums, but who cares?), allow parliamentary debates, participate in international organizations, open their countries to benevolent foreign investors, invest the nation's wealth in purchasing the latest military technology (to defend their countries against evil dictators, of course), and accept military assistance from disinterested foreign powers. Strongmen do not commit aggression, God forbid! They merely safeguard their homeland, as President Saddam Hussein did when he protected the “Eastern Gate of the Arab Nation” from 1980 to 1988. Only dictators attack their neighbors, as the very same Saddam Hussein—oops!—did when he invaded the little democracy that was Kuwait in 1990.
So there exist two sorts of authoritarian rulers: the first is bad by the mutual consensus of the entire humanity, and that is the dictator. The second type is what an ignorant person might call a “good dictator,” but in reality that would be an insult to the gentle and caring strongman, whose heart belongs to his people and who spares neither effort nor sacrifice to promote their welfare. Evidently what applies to strongmen is just as valid in the case of monarchs; we all know that the King of Saudi Arabia—a paragon of compassion and benevolence—has a consultative assembly, to give but one example.
Dictator is bad, a strongman is better, and an Oriental monarch is best. Not all despots are alike, not by a long shot. The same analysis could be used to study the disparities between “regimes” and “governments” or “administrations.” We all know that regimes are bad and governments are good, but still, one cannot overemphasize such a glaring difference, and we can always use friendly reminders.
I look forward to the day when academics and pundits give this important debate the interest it so desperately needs and make their conclusions public for the benefit of mankind.
Monday, July 6, 2015
عملية صنع القرار وكيف يكتب التاريخ
Friday, June 26, 2015
The American Spring Is Upon Us
Wednesday, June 17, 2015
الخيار البديل
Wednesday, May 27, 2015
في قديم الزمان وسالف العصر و الأوان.....
Thursday, April 9, 2015
أرض النفاق
Saturday, January 31, 2015
Wednesday, January 28, 2015
Marcus Vinicius was a Roman patrician who fell in love with a beautiful Christian maiden named Ligia. Their romance is prominently featured in Henryk Sienkiewicz' historical novel Quo Vadis, subsequently adapted by Hollywood in 1951 in an epic movie.